Passages used in Experiment 3

These are the passages used in Experiment 3. Each passage has a few introductory sentences, followed by an "affordance manipulating sentence" that has two versions (separated by a slash). In one version, the use of a partucular object to effect some sort of transfer (e.g., a bell) is possible; this is the afforded version. In the other, non-afforded version, that particular object is described such that it cannot be used to effect the transfer required by the situation. For all passages the "afforded" description comes first, followed by the "non-afforded" description. The last sentence with each passage is the critical sentence, which can be read either with the conventional verb (presented before the slash) or the innovative denominal verb (presented after the slash).

1

Art was looking out of a second story window of his house on a rainy night. His attention was suddenly grabbed by a voice calling from beneath the window. It was his wife, Mina. She asked him to get her an important paper, one that she needed for a meeting in a few minutes. Art found the paper, but feared that the rain would cause the printing on it to run. While looking for something to protect the paper, Art opened the window and held the paper in his hand.

Then, he noticed a uninflated/shredded balloon.

Art dropped/ballooned Mina the paper.

2

Rachel worked for a scientist in a research firm. As part of her duties, she was required to bring the scientistÕs mail to his office so he could open it after lunch. On this particular day, Rachel encountered three large boxes among the mail addressed to the scientist. The boxes were way too big for her to carry.

In the corner of the room, though, Rachel noticed an office chair with four good/missing wheels.

Rachel brought/chaired the scientist his mail.

3

Fred and Bob were childhood friends who were neighbors. On summer nights, they liked to string a telegraph wire between their bedrooms and send Morse code messages, as their rooms were virtually right across from each other. As the summer wore on, though, FredÕs parents told him not to do this any more, because when he opened his screen to string the telegraph wire he let too many flying insects into his room. FredÕs parents even went so far as to nail the screen in his window shut. Undaunted, Fred endeavored to find another way to send messages to Bob.

He thrust his hand under his bed, groped around, and found his catÕs squeaky, rubber/soft, fluffy toy mouse.

Fred sent/moused Bob a message.

4 Keith was having his in-laws over to his and his wifeÕs house for the first time, and wanted to make a good impression. He decided that a good way to do this would be to give his mother-in-law some flowers from their yard. Keith went outside and picked a suitable collection of long stemmed flowers from his yard. When the time came, he thought he would surprise his mother-in-law by carrying the flowers into the dining room on a tray with that eveningÕs meal. Once he had the tray set, though, Keith realized that there was no room for the flowers. The only solution was to stand them up somehow. Frantically, Keith looked for a container to hold the flowers.

In one cabinet, he came across a tall, thin/short shot glass.

Keith brought/glassed his mother-in-law the flowers.

5

Patty was distraught. She worked hard to earn her title as Miss Wisconsin, but now, at the Miss America pageant, her dreams were crashing down around her. Her talent in the pageant was playing the piano, but listening to the contestant before her, she realized that the pageantÕs piano was terribly out of tune. Patty was desperate to find some other way to perform the song for the judges. In a burst of creativity, she figured out how she could play the song using the one chord she knew how to play on a guitar.

In her excitement, Patty ran to the music room, where she found a well tuned/stringless guitar.

Patty played/guitarred the judges her song.

6

Tom was visiting his grandmother recently after she had taken ill. He promised the family that he would spend a few days with her, making sure she took all of her medicine. Because he was a med student, he could even help with the medicine injected by hypodermic needle. He did not know at the time, though, that she refused to have anyone stick her with a needle. That night, while preparing his grandmother a snack, Tom came up with a plan. He picked up a syringe with the usual dose of medicine, and looked around the pantry.

He saw an as yet uneaten orange/half eaten and rotting orange on the shelf.

Tom oranged/gave his grandmother her medicine.

7

Jeb the farm boy was deeply in love with Princess Gwenda. Though they had never met, he was certain that if he had the chance, he could make her fall in love with him. As her birthday neared, Jeb decided to make her a present: the most magnificent, large butter sculpture ever created. When GwendaÕs birthday arrived, Jeb finished the sculpture. He still needed a way to get it to the castle, though.

Looking around his farm, his attention was grabbed by the light reflecting off his new, powerful/completely inoperable minivan.

Jeb brought/minivanned Gwenda the sculpture.

8

Kate and June were delighted when they found that their house contained an old, small elevator Òdumb waiterÓ that had been used to take prepared foods from the kitchen on the first floor to the other floors of the house. One day, Kate and June were alarmed when the water in the downstairs of the house had to be shut off for some plumbing work. June, who was downstairs, called up to Kate and indicated that she was going to need some water to clean the floors before their dinner guests arrived later in the day. Kate wondered how she would get enough water down to June, as the only container that she had was a heavy old iron bucket that was too heavy for her to carry down the steps. Looking at the elevator shaft, she got an idea.

Kate filled the bucket with water and pushed it toward the dumb waiter, which she then found to be in perfect working order/broken beyond repair.

Kate got/dumb waitered June some water.

9

Joan, looking out her window, was alarmed by what she saw. A forest fire had broken out just outside her town, and threatened to surround the townsfolk who had gone for a hike earlier in the day. Joan knew that she would need to get a warning to them soon if they were to have any chance of getting back safely. She decided that a good way to do this would be to go to the church and ring the bell that was being refurbished.

When she got to the bell tower, she found a repairmanÕs lantern next to the fully assembled/disassembled bell.

Joan sent/belled the hikers a warning.

10

Brian intended to ask Jen to marry him, but wanted to do so in a special way. He knew that Jen powered up her Apple computer first thing every morning when she arrived at work. One evening after Jen had left, Brian modified the AppleÕs start up screen to read, ÒJen, marry me. Love, Brian.Ó

The next day, Brian was there when Jen went to her desk and found her computer ready to go/had been stolen.

Brian presented/Appled Jen his marriage proposal.

11

David and John were canoeing on Lake Wingra. They each had their own canoe, as they needed the room to hold all of the supplies they needed to do some fishing. Suddenly, John realized that David had all of the food and juice in his canoe. What was worse, they had only one container of the juice. Since they would not be fishing very close to each other, this was going to be a problem. As John approached DavidÕs canoe, David looked for a container that he could use to split the juice with John.

In the bottom of one of his bags, David found some small cups and an old canteen that was perfectly intact/had a large hole in the bottom.

David gave/canteeneed John some juice.

12

Lindsay and Sam were driving on a country road late one night when their car broke down. After checking under the hood, Lindsay concluded that there was no way they could fix the car. They would need to get help, but the nearest town was a few miles away. Seeing some farmhands working near a barn a few hundred yards off the road, though, Lindsay came up with a plan. The ground was too marshy to walk across, but if they could flash some light at the farmhands, she was sure they would notice and come to help.

Sam opened the trunk and, looking under a orange highway cone, found a flashlight that had a good set of batteries/was missing all of its batteries.

Lindsay and Sam sent/flashlighted the farmhands a message.

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