Discrimination: Negative behaviors toward people and groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age, sexual orientation, etc
Prejudice: Negative attitudes toward people and groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age, sexual orientation, etc
Stereotypes: Negative beliefs about people and groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age, sexual orientation, etc
Marginalized groups: Groups who are disadvantaged and are frequently the target of exclusion and discrimination
Inclusion: The degree to which individuals experience treatment from the group that satisfies their need for belongingness and uniqueness
Climate survey: A tool to examine multiple dimensions relating to diversity, inclusion, safety, perceptions, satisfaction, culture, etc., in a given professional, educational, or social environment
Achievement gap: A persistent disparity in academic achievement between minority and disadvantaged students and their white counterparts
Stereotype threat: The situation in which there is a negative stereotype about a persons’ group, and he or she is concerned about being judged or treated negatively on the basis of this stereotype
Racism: Prejudice, discrimination, or stereotyping directed at individuals or groups based on their race or ethnicity
Sexism: Prejudice, discrimination, or stereotyping directed at individuals or groups based on their gender
Homophobia: Prejudice, discrimination, or stereotyping directed at individuals or groups based on their sexual orientation
Xenophobia: Prejudice, discrimination, or stereotyping directed at individuals or groups based on their nationality, culture, or status as foreigners
Thermometer ratings: A widely used scale to measure one’s feelings toward a statement, an object, a person, or a social group, typically ranging from 0-100
Microaggression: A subtle, often unintentional, form of prejudice
Bias: A tendency, inclination, or prejudice toward or against something or someone
Implicit bias: A negative attitude, of which one is not consciously aware, against a specific social group
Some relevant references and websites:
American Psychological Association. (2024, May 16). Discrimination: What it is and how to cope. https://www.apa.org/topics/racism-bias-discrimination/types-stress
Ashmore, R. D., & Del Boca, F. K. (1981). Conceptual approaches to stereotypes and stereotyping. In D. L. Hamilton (Ed.), Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior (pp. 1–36). Erlbaum.
Barron, K. (1999). Ethics in qualitative social research on marginalized groups. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, 1(1), 38–49.
Berndt Rasmussen, K. (2020). Implicit bias and discrimination. Theoria, 86(6), 727–748. https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/10.1111/theo.12227
Bordeau, J. (2009). Xenophobia. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.
Correll, J., Judd, C., Park, B., & Wittenbrink, B. (2010). Measuring prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination. In The SAGE handbook of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination (pp. 45–62). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446200919
Fraïssé, C., & Barrientos, J. (2016). The concept of homophobia: A psychosocial perspective. Sexologies, 25(4), e65–e69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sexol.2016.02.002
Johnson, G. M. (2020). The structure of bias. Mind, 129(516), 1193–1236.
Liu, M., & Conrad, F. G. (2016). An experiment testing six formats of 101-point rating scales. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 364–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.09.036
Microaggression | Psychology Today. (n.d.). Retrieved October 30, 2024, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/microaggression
Porter, A. (2007). Rethinking the achievement gap. PennGSE: A Review of Research, 5(1), 1.
Shore, L. M., Randel, A. E., Chung, B. G., Dean, M. A., Holcombe Ehrhart, K., & Singh, G. (2011). Inclusion and diversity in work groups: A review and model for future research. Journal of Management, 37(4), 1262–1289. https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/10.1177/01492063103859
Slovska, I. (2022). What is sexism? https://dspace.uzhnu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/lib/58708
Spencer, S. J., Logel, C., & Davies, P. G. (2016). Stereotype threat. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 415–437. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-073115-103235
Tatum, B. D. (2004). Defining racism: “Can we talk?” In P. S. Rothenberg (Ed.), Race, class, and gender in the United States: An integrated study (pp. 124–131). Macmillan.
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